FlexibleElectronics with NanoManufacturing

新闻：日本科学家开发出可以弯曲超薄有机EL屏幕

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Mon, 11 May 2009 06:28:00 +0000

中新网5月11日电据日本共同社援引英国科学杂志《自然材料》电子版报道，由东京大学教授染谷隆夫等组成的研究小组，日前开发出一款如橡胶板一般能够弯曲伸缩的有机EL屏幕。
　　这款有机EL屏幕为四方形，厚0.7毫米，硅酮胶基板上配置有256个约5毫米四方的薄有机EL素子。
　　据介绍，有机EL是一种通电后可发光的有机化合物，显示器可以作为薄型电视及手机的屏幕利用。此次显示器可以装置在复杂的曲面上，如果可以投入实际利用，染谷教授说：“也有可能制造出地球仪一般球形，及脸形等独特形状的机器。”

Some books on Flexible Electronics

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Tue, 05 May 2009 00:11:00 +0000

1. Flexible Electronics By William S. Wong, Alberto Salleo

Flexible-electronics is rapidly finding many main-stream applications where low-cost, ruggedness, light weight, unconventional form factors and ease of manufacturability are just some of the important advantages over their conventional rigid-substrate counterparts. Flexible Electronics: Materials and Applications surveys the materials systems and processes that are used to fabricate devices that can be employed in a wide variety of applications, including flexible flat-panel displays, medical image sensors, photovoltaics, and electronic paper. Materials discussed range from polymeric semiconductors to nanotube transparent conductors, highlighting the important characteristics of each system and their target applications. An overview of the performance benchmarks for the different materials is given in order to allow a direct comparison of these different technologies. Furthermore, the devices and processes most suitable for given applications in flexible electronics are identified.

2. Printed Circuits Handbook

The World's #1 Guide to Printed Circuit Boards_Now Completely Updated with the Latest Information on Lead-Free Manufacturing!

The best reference in the field for over 30 years, the Printed Circuits Handbook equips you with definitive coverage of every facet of printed circuit assemblies_from design methods to fabrication processes. Now completely revised and updated, the Sixth Edition presents the latest information on lead-free manufacturing, including lead-free PCB design and fabrication techniques, lead-free materials, and lead-free reliability models. The new edition also explores best practices for High Density Interconnect (HDI), as well as flexible printed circuits.
Written by a team of experts from around the world, the Sixth Edition of this renowned handbook contains cutting-edge material on engineering and design of printed circuits fabrication methods…assembly processes… solders and soldering…test and repair…waste minimization and treatment …quality and reliability of printed circuit processes…and much more.

3.Flexible Solar Cells

With the decline in the world's natural resources, the need for new and cheaper energy sources is evolving. One such source is the sun which generates heat and light which can be harnessed and used to our advantage.This reference book introduces the topic of photovoltaics in the form of flexible solar cells. There are explanations of the principles behind this technology, the engineering required to produce these products and the future possibilities offered by this technology.The chemistry and physics of the cells (both organic and inorganic) are clarified as well as production methods, with information how this can then be applied to the nanoscale as well.A complete guide to this new and exciting way of producing energy which will be invaluable to a variety of people from material scientists, chemists, electrical engineers, to management consultants and politicians.

Labs on Flexible Electronics

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Fri, 20 Mar 2009 13:23:00 +0000

Instrument of SHU-SOLARE R&D Joint-Lab: http://www.shu-solare.org/

How to Write a Highly Cited Paper

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Mon, 16 Mar 2009 00:43:00 +0000

I mean how to write good papers. Research Evaluation is one of hard tasks in scientific management. because it needs to judge about something that it is not in the field of manager experts. alwayse there was different factors to do such evaluations. number of papers published by a special scientist, impact factor of journals he published his papers in, and number of citations he recieved are different factors for evaluation of scientists performance. citation number is must popular factor in use toay. it used for evaluation of university facuties in universities and in university rankings. it also used for evaluation of scientific impact of nations and determine impact factor of scientific journals. then what's the way to write a highly cited paper. I spent about a year to find out this way. these are results of my study in this regard.

Scienctific society is a large and complicated chain construced of individual researchers as loops. then it is very hard and sometimes really imposible to identify everyone's role in achieve an important scientific aim. you can not correspond every scientific discovery just to one people. of course we like to do it becasue we always had a hero and champion in our life from our childness but it is not always true specially in science. for example computers have very important role in science today. we always use "Search motors" such as Google or etc. but we dont refer them in each of our papers. then we cant not always trust to evaluations based on citations because all factors and important resources are not mentioned in them. another misleading thing is all cited papers are not used equally. for example each scientific paper is based on several pervious published papers but it mention too many other papers as a reference for reader or as a historical review.
1. Describe a real physcial phonemena
I have seen many papers in my life who had written just to solve a just a problem. they overcomed many computational difficulties but at the end they proint out not important result. i think this is really waste of time and energy on these synthetic problems when there are important problems unsolved in the world. try to find these important unsolved problems and then solve them. not just solve some problems to make more papers.
2. How to find a valuable problems.
I mentioned that the scientific society is a chain constructed of different research groups. every research group use result of other research groups. try to find out which group of research teams or individual researcher use your papers and then try to comply their needs. just think science as a bussiness. this business needs marketting to improve. then do this marketing before selection of a topic to research. read papers of people who use your works even speak with them or do joint work with them to find out their needs. then i repeat again that dont just read papers in your topic read paper of people who use your papers to see their need. then READ MORE PAPERS.
3. Just think science as a business. Marketing is important factor in success.
Must researchers just think about what they can do interesting with their skills and laboratory facilities . but it is not true. just think about people who read your papers and want to use it. how you can help them. what they need. imagine your self as a virtual reader to see how a reader can use your work.
4. Develop a suitable model not a very general and complex models
dont just try to develop a very complicated model which can solver more general problems then befire. most general method is already exist. people can model their systems with modlling constructing atoms and their interaction with quantum mechanics but it is a really impossible one!. complex models have two important disadvantages as below
1. first disadvantage of more complex models it is harder to describe a system. complex models often need more variables to describe a system and finding these values are not so easy in practice. then people need to estimate these variables and these result to their accuracy become low as like as less accurate models.
2. complex models need more time to learning, programming, and even in computation time.
then they never would use complex models if simpler models can result similar conclusions.then try to develop a model which is logical. note that your model is always different from real model which are in use in practice then try a model which have logical simplicfication. always remember very simple formuala for error of the result. error is the result is greatest error of error producers. then if you ignore one source of error in your model then it is very funny to analyze another factor which may be more negligible. or when your model is different from what is in use in practice. note this difference and neglect factors that add accuracy more that is between overall accuracy of your model.
5. think about usefullness of results
try to develop a simple model who can show important trends and specially important behaviour of the system as a leading for experimentalis peoples which deal with real systems. one of main important duties of theoretical science is determine the order of importance for one factor not how a factor can affect a result. people can do experiment to see how is effect of a factor exactly. as a theoretical scientist you must convince expermentialist to do such experiments even if they are hard. this was exactly what Albert Einestein did!. try to make a paper when your result have concluded to an important point which is valuable to note. not just when you solved a problem. then as i think most important role of theoritians is find out impotant variables in a physical phonamena and their overall impact on results.
6. Joint work is a magic strategy.
because every scientist knowledge of science is limited any way. it is very beneficial to consult with bigger society very much. then Joint work is very important. more people would read the work before it be in hands of the reader. every person can imagine himself by reader as a different point of point of view. number of authors always has been an determining factor in citation number.
7. interdisciplinary work speccially joint with different field experts
Large percent of citations to a paper always been from peoples in topics far from main authors topic. then try to consult with these people to make something better for their important consumers. interdisciplinary works are good in another point of view. people of a any science built what they could built. they need a professional in another science to build something that they dont know how to build.
8. international works and alliances and also advertising!
Althought there exist a internet and it is a international network. it is very large network. and sometimes your work would not be seen by its real costumer. then try to advertise your work if you think that is valuable. this can be done by submit your work to international conferences and discuss with people there.
9. dont forget IMPACT FACTOR and RELEVANCE Of Journal to your work
Reviewers are very important part to determine the quality of your work. Try to submit your paper to a journal which is more relevant to your work. (Impact factor is not important in this level). because such journal have more expert reviewr in that field. but if there are many journals who publish such works send it to journal with higher impact factor. for example if your work is really related toVibration of systems Journal of Sound and Vibration is very good. (in addition to NATURE!) but this is not Best Journal if your work is related to even Acoustics. in that field (Journal of Acoustical Society of America) is better. or Dispersion Science and Technology impact factor is near to 1 by if your work is related to ultrasonics in solutions send it to Ultrasonics.
10. Marketing is most important in EXPERIMENTAL WORKS.
Some expermentialists thinks because their work is experimental in nature. it is practical and it dont need marketing. note that there are infinity number of systems you can build in the world. from systems consisteed of several Atoms to milions of them. which is really needed?. you need to read papers and speak with people to see what is their difficulty with current available systems. which property in new systems are really important. even listening to news is important. Climate change is special topic then NO2 and CO2 are two important compounds. HIV is disease of the century. which reactions are related to that? with these news and papers you can even predict what is the next revolution and which topics are revolutionary in these decade.
11. Science is a stream which everyone must swim in its direction
Note that is not just a result of work of one people. it is a result of the whole society. its social aspects are important as well as its professional aspects. every time in each level of the time some discoveries must be done by scientists. Finite element method become useful when computers come into scene. and DNA damage and RNA damage are important because they are related to current disease. scientists who dont pay attention in the level of science are not so successful today. then try to be part of new discoveries and try to predict next revolutions to be part of that.
12." Easy to Use" and "Easy to Develop", also "OPEN SOURCE" and "Open archetecture"
Try to make your work easy to use. laziness are one of important characters of humankind. people have no time to learn your hard way to state any thing. state any thing in easiest way that even a school student can understant what you say. if you develop a package make it OPEN SOURCE and READABLE too. open source packages are not beneficial if they not be READIBLE. in this regard to build your program and tool with open architecture who any one can use it as he/she wants. market is very important thing as you know in experimetal devices. think about how your work may progress and enhance. and let people to do it. it will result in progress of your work in addition to citation for you.
13. Pay attention more too result than tools or methods you used or category which your work belong to
if you use high-tech elements in your work it dont means your work is really a progress. what is important is what is physical and practical result of your work in real world. even if be by must elementary things. ROD LAKES made negative poission ratio foams with laws from elementary geomtery. (if i think true). number of citation your recieve if you dont abuse is very related to number of people who can use your works. then just ask your self this simple question more and more how people can use my work. it is not important you work be in highly cited group just try to do something beneficial to mankind. your work would be cited.
14. FOCUS on an AIM
it dont contradicts with interdisiplinary work. do something complete. ant try to reach a big AIM. doing one thing GREAT is very better than doing somany things but small. have an aim which can improve science very much. each paper is a step to reach that goal.
15. FOCUS on Elements
if you work experimental focus on elements of a system is better than whole system. if you are writing computational tasks witing a program who can do something special very good is better than develop a new general computational soft and if you work on biology focus on one aspect is very better than doing general experiments. because general concepts are discussed very much and today small concepts are future general concepts.

http://www.imechanica.org/node/2798

Ultrathin silicon solar microcells for semitransparent, mechanically flexible and microconcentrator module designs

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Mon, 09 Mar 2009 13:12:00 +0000

The high natural abundance of silicon, together with its excellent reliability and good efficiency in solar cells, suggest its continued use in production of solar energy, on massive scales, for the foreseeable future. Although organics, nanocrystals, nanowires and other new materials hold significant promise, many opportunities continue to exist for research into unconventional means of exploiting silicon in advanced photovoltaic systems. Here, we describe modules that use large-scale arrays of silicon solar microcells created from bulk wafers and integrated in diverse spatial layouts on foreign substrates by transfer printing. The resulting devices can offer useful features, including high degrees of mechanical flexibility, user-definable transparency and ultrathin-form-factor microconcentrator designs. Detailed studies of the processes for creating and manipulating such microcells, together with theoretical and experimental investigations of the electrical, mechanical and optical characteristics of several types of module that incorporate them, illuminate the key aspects. John A. Rogers Group.

http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v7/n11/abs/nmat2287.html

研究人员发明了一种可以镶嵌在纺织品表面的硅太阳能电池，这种以硅为基础的轻便型太阳能电池应用前景广泛，也是迄今为止效率最高的柔性太阳电池，新成果发表在日前在线出版的《自然—材料学》期刊上。在早期的设计中，柔性太阳能电池是用效率低下的有机材料或厚厚的无机薄膜做成的，比如硅，但这样又限制了它们的柔软性。John Rogers和同事合作，使用超薄、超高柔软性的转移印刷技术，将硅元素从硅晶体中提取出来并转移到一种高分子底层上，制造出厘米尺寸大小的太阳能电池。新方法整合了硅的柔韧性和良好的光吸收性。而转移印刷技术本身具有通用性，因此，新方法可应用于许多材料和产品的设计中。（来源：科学时报王丹红）

http://www.sciencenet.cn/htmlpaper/200936164329635383.html

Omnidirectional Printing of Flexible, Stretchable, and Spanning Silver Microelectrodes

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Sat, 28 Feb 2009 09:33:00 +0000

Bok Y. Ahn 1, Eric B. Duoss 1, Michael J. Motala 2, Xiaoying Guo 1, Sang-Il Park 1, Yujie Xiong 1, Jongseung Yoon 1, Ralph G. Nuzzo 2, John A. Rogers 3, Jennifer A. Lewis 1*

Flexible, stretchable, and spanning microelectrodes that carry signals from one circuit element to another are needed for many emerging forms of electronic and optoelectronic devices. We have patterned silver microelectrodes by omnidirectional printing of concentrated nanoparticle inks in both uniform and high aspect ratio motifs with minimum widths of ~2 µm onto semiconductor, plastic, and glass substrates. The patterned microelectrodes can withstand repeated bending and stretching to large levels of strain with minimal degradation of their electrical properties. Using this approach, wire bonding to fragile 3D devices and spanning interconnects for solar cell and light emitting diode arrays are demonstrated.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1168375

中文报道：据《每日科学》网2月21日报道，美国伊利诺伊大学厄本那-香槟分校（UIUC）的研究人员研制出一种由银纳米粒子构成的新型墨水，可应用于电子和光电等领域，创造出更易弯曲和伸展的、跨度较大的微电极，实现信号从一个电路元件到另一个电路元件的传递。这种微电极能经受住反复的弯曲和伸展，自身性能却基本不会发生改变。相关论文发表在2月12日的《科学》。
http://www.mscience.org/htmlpaper/20092271624526545296.html

Professor Yonggang, Huang's Mechanics of Materials Research Group

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Wed, 25 Feb 2009 08:21:00 +0000

Professor Yonggang，Huang's Mechanics of Materials Research Group at Northwestern University

（From EMI News）

Goals: To develop mechanics models for advanced technology (e.g., transfer printing, stretchable electronics, flexible silicon solar cell, electronic‐eye camera)
Rationale: Advanced technologies have many important applications to infrastructures, such as stretchable electronics for reliability assessment, flexible and transparent silicon solar cells for energy efficiency. Mechanics plays a critical role in the development of the scientific and engineering foundations for these advanced technologies. One example is high performance electronics and optoelectronic systems that are reversibly stretchable/compressible. These systems combine high quality electronic materials, such as aligned arrays of silicon nanoribbons and other inorganic nanomaterials, with ultrathin and elastomeric substrates, in multilayer neutral mechanical plane designs and with ‘wavy’ structural layouts. Such approaches, guided by detailed mechanics models, enable diverse classes of integrated circuits as well as highly integrated optoelectronics systems with well‐developed electronic materials, whose intrinsic brittle, fragile mechanical properties would otherwise preclude their use in such applications. Analytical and finite element method simulations of the mechanics play a central role in the development, not only to reveal the fundamental physics, but also to provide a set of practical strategies for the construction of the devices.
Research Topics:
• Mechanics of stretchable electronics
• Mechanics of flexible silicon solar cells
• Mechanics of transfer printing
People:
• Northwestern University: Professor Yonggang Huang (y‐huang@northwestern.edu), Jianliang Xiao, Shuodao Wang, and Dr. Jian Wu
• University of Illinois: Professor John Rogers (jrogers@illinois.edu) and Duc Ngo• University of Miami: Professor Jizhou Song (jsong8@miami.edu)
• Inst. of High Performance Computing (Singapore): Professor Yongwei Zhang (zhangyw@ihpc.astar. edu.sg) and Zhuangjian Liu• Tsinghua University (China): Professors Xue Feng (fengxue@tsinghua.edu.cn), Daining Fang (fangdn@tsinghua.edu.cn), and Keh‐Chih Hwang (huangkz@tsinghua.edu.cn)
• King Abdullah University of Sci. & Tech. (Saudi Arabia): Dr. Chun Lu (luc@kaust.edu.sa)
Selected Publications:
• Khang, Jiang, Huang, and Rogers, “A stretchable form of single crystal silicon for high performance electronics on rubber substrates,” Science 311, 208‐212, 2006.
• Meitl, Zhu, Kumar, Lee, Feng, Huang, Adesida, Nuzzo, and Rogers, “Transfer printing by kinetic control of adhesion to an elastomeric stamp,” Nature Materials, v 5, pp 33‐38, 2006.• Sun, Choi, Jiang, Huang, and Rogers, “Controlled buckling of semiconductor nanoribbons for stretchable electronics,” Nature Nanotechnology 1, 201‐207, 2006.
• Jiang, Khang, Song, Sun, Huang, and Rogers, “Finite deformation mechanics in buckled thin films on compliant supports,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 104, 15607‐15612, 2007.
• Jiang, Khang, Fei, Kim, Huang, Xiao, and Rogers, “Finite width effect of thin films buckling on compliant substrate: Experimental and theoretical studies,” Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 56, 2585‐2598, 2008.
• Kim, Ahn, Choi, Kim, Kim, Song, Huang, Liu, Lu, and Rogers, ”Stretchable and foldable silicon integrated circuits,” Science 320, 507‐511, 2008.
• Kim, Song, Choi, Kim, Kim, Liu, Huang, Hwang, Zhang, and Rogers, ”Materials and non‐coplanar mesh designs for integrated circuits with linear elastic responses to extreme mechanical deformations,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, 18675‐18680, 2008.
• Ko, Stoykovich, Song, Malyarchuk, Choi, Yu, Geddes, Xiao, Wang, Huang, and Rogers, ”A hemispherical electronic eye camera based on compressible silicon optoelectronics,” Nature 454, 748‐753, 2008.
• Yoon, Baca, Park, Paulius, Geddes, Li, Kim, Xiao, Wang, Kim, Motala, Ahn, Duoss, Lewis, Nuzzo, Ferreira, Huang, Rockett, and Rogers, “Flexible arrays of monocrystalline silicon solar cells for micro‐optic concentrator designs,” Nature Materials 7, 907‐915, 2008.

2009年基金委重大项目：有机/无机复合半导体材料的基础研究

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Wed, 07 Jan 2009 11:23:00 +0000

半导体材料作为信息科学技术物质基础的主体，半个多世纪来发挥着巨大的作用，随着信息科学技术的迅猛发展，推动着信息光电技术向可再生、超快响应、超高容量和高集成度方向发展；近年来随着能源危机的凸显和环保意识的普及，对发展高效光电、电光转换半导体材料的需求日益迫切，对半导体材料及相关器件的制造过程提出了简化工艺、降低能耗等方面的要求。但现有半导体材料已难以胜任。20世纪80年代发展起来的有机/无机复合半导体材料通过结构复合、功能复合而兼具了有机材料的设计多样性、柔性、易加工性和无机材料的高载流子迁移率、高稳定性的优点，并往往产生协同优化效应，是一类含有两种及两种以上有机和无机组分并具有半导体性质的新型复合功能材料，成为信息和能源未来发展的关键材料之一。而由复合带来的新现象、新结构、新效应等一系列新的科学问题亟待解决，以推动材料科学自身的发展。有机/无机复合半导体材料的研究具有大跨度的多学科交叉特点，是材料科学中最活跃、最具创新潜力和发展空间的研究方向之一，有很强的前瞻性，属于《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要（2006～2020年）》和《国家自然科学基金“十一五”发展规划》中优先发展的信息、能源和新材料领域。
　　一、科学目标
　　在有机/无机复合半导体材料的复合原理、复合界面结构与特性、光电转换过程、载流子在有机/无机复合材料中的传输机理和结构稳定化等相关理论问题上有重要创新，注重有机/无机复合而产生的新现象、新结构、新效应的发现；在有机/无机复合半导体材料的高载流子迁移率的实现途径与低成本可控制备等关键技术上有重大突破，注重新原理、新功能、新机制的探索；在具有重大应用背景的薄膜晶体管、非染料敏化型薄膜太阳能电池等方面获得处于世界领先水平的创新成果。
　　二、研究内容
　　1．有机/无机复合半导体材料的设计与结构可控的简易制备加工
　　研究设计、制备过程中材料微结构的调控，鼓励引入创新性的复合手段及简易制备与加工方法。
　　2．有机/无机复合半导体材料的表面与界面性质研究
　　结合理论计算模拟，研究复合体系表面与界面结构与特性、光电转换过程，以及载流子在不同界面、界面过渡层及体相中的注入、输运规律等等。
　　3．有机/无机复合半导体材料结构稳定性研究
　　研究有机/无机复合半导体材料在光、热等外场作用下结构的演化与控制以及稳定化途径。
　　4．高载流子迁移率的有机/无机复合半导体材料的研究
　　研究有机/无机复合半导体材料结构与载流子长程输运性能的关系以及高载流子迁移率的实现途径。注重新原理、新功能、新机制的探索。
　　5．有机/无机复合半导体器件的设计与制备
　　研究有机/无机复合半导体材料薄膜的形态结构和器件性能之间的关系、探明其工作原理以及器件设计与制造的主要工艺。鼓励研究材料与器件一体化的设计与制造。
　　三、申请注意事项
　　申请书的资助类别选择“重大项目”，亚类说明选择“项目申请书”或“课题申请书”，附注说明选择“有机/无机复合半导体材料的基础研究”。
　　“项目申请书”中的“主要参与者”只填写各课题“申请人”相关信息；“签字和盖章页”中“项目依托单位公章”盖“项目申请人”所属依托单位公章，“课题依托单位公章”盖“课题申请人”所属依托单位公章。
　　“课题申请书”的“主要参与者”包括课题所有主要成员相关信息；“签字和盖章页”中“课题依托单位公章”盖“课题申请人”所属依托单位公章，“合作单位公章”盖合作单位公章。
　　“项目申请书”和“课题申请书”应通过各自的依托单位提交。
　　本项目由工程与材料科学部、化学科学部、信息科学部和数理科学部联合提出，由工程与材料科学部负责组织评审。

Stretchable Conductor May Open Way to Flexible Electronics

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Tue, 06 Jan 2009 01:05:00 +0000

By Phil Berardelli
ScienceNOW Daily News
7 August 2008

Chock-full of transistors, the average circuit board is a rigid and delicate thing. Such stiff circuit boards are fine for computers and other large, stationary devices. But engineers are pushing to weave electronics into the objects all around us--including our clothes--and doing that requires flexible circuits. Some circuit boards can bend, but they don't twist or stretch. Now, a Japanese team has produced a rubbery, stretchy conducting material--the first step toward building a flexible circuit.
To do it, Takao Someya, an electronics engineer at the University of Tokyo, and his team mixed tiny tubes of carbon known as nanotubes with a polymer. The nanotubes carry the electricity, and the polymer provides the flexibility. To get the technique to work, the researchers had to overcome several obstacles. For example, the nanotubes attract one another so strongly that it's difficult to keep them from clumping.
So first, Someya and colleagues made the carbon nanotubes much less mutually attractive by mixing them into a substance called an ionic liquid. The treatment turns the nanotubes into a black, pasty concoction the researchers call bucky gel. (The molecular structure of nanotubes resembles the famous geodesic domes designed by Buckminster Fuller.) Next, they mixed the bucky gel with a rubberlike substance called a fluorinated copolymer and poured the mixture onto a glass plate. Last, Someya's team coated the substance with silicone rubber and punched tiny holes all over the matrix to increase its flexibility.
The resulting material looks a bit like a woman's nylon stocking, and Someya says it can be stretched by up to 38% of its original length without loss of conductivity because enough of the nanotubes stay in contact to continue to carry electricity. That's nearly four times more elastic than any other conducting substance, he says, and about 100 times more conductive than any other known elastic material. And that's just the prototype. "We believe there is much room for further improvement in elastic conductors," he says.
It's an important finding, says materials scientist John Rogers of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. For example, he says, any attempt to integrate electronics with the human body requires flexibility that doesn't hinder movement, and this can't be achieved with conventional devices. "Fully stretchable electronics is the best option for this broad area," Rogers says. Possible applications for the technology include large, stretchable video displays, artificial skin, and electronic books in Braille for the blind.
http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2008/807/2

Nano-inks could advance printed electronics

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Mon, 05 Jan 2009 14:42:00 +0000

PORTLAND, Ore. — Nano-inks for aerosol printing of electronics circuitry are being jointly developed by Applied Nanotech Inc. and Optomec for its M3D aerosol jet printer.
Optomec's jet printer transfers metallic, semiconducting and insulating inks onto any shaped substrate. Aerosol Jet printing like ink-jet printing can reproduce electronic circuits on inexpensive flexible polymer films.
Optomec's printer is designed for rapid prototyping of new devices and short production runs, but printable electronics is also poised to debut in consumer electronics devices later this year, according to IDTechEx Ltd. (Cambridge, Mass.) Printed electronics applications include patterning circuit boards, solar panels, on-battery testers, RFID tags, interconnection planes and other flexible electronics.
Most ink-jet printing is currently done with silver inks, which are expensive compared to copper nano-inks announced by Applied Nanotech (Austin, Texas) and Optomec (Albuquerque, N.M.). Current copper inks copper flakes over 250 nanometers in size, requiring 424-degree F annealing. Applied Nanotech said its copper nanoparticles 10 to 20 nanometers and can be deposited at annealing temperatures below 212 degrees F.
The Optomec printer's minimum feature size of 10 microns prompted it to partner with Applied Nanotech to optimize its ultra-small-particle nano-inks for the M3D, which uses a finer nozzle configuration than ink-jet printers. Optomec also employed an aerodynamic flow guidance deposition head which can be focused to a virtual nozzle size of 10 microns. Since the deposition head is over 5 millimeters away from the substrate, it allows 3-D surfaces to be "painted" with electronic circuitry.
Applied Nanotech said it is also developing other nano-inks based on other nanoparticles formulations, including carbon nanotubes.

王中林答复马普所有关纳米发电机的全文已发表

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Wed, 31 Dec 2008 03:29:00 +0000

（http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200802638）:
http://www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang/paper/2008new/08_ehu.pdf
王中林在文中公开挑战Alexe和Goesele等所用的仪器精度不够，不能来做微信号测量。王在文中并公开邀请Alexe和Goesele来他的实验室来验证Georgia Tech组发表的结果（Reference [27]）, Alexe和Goesele被将一军，看他们能否有自信有胆量回应，否则Alexe和Goesele就信誉扫地！马普所该当如何？(来自科学网)

Projects on Flexible electronics with Nano Manufacturing

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Fri, 26 Dec 2008 06:11:00 +0000

Listed as follows:

George A. Hazelrigg: Fabrication of Flexible Electronics by Laser-Aided Processing of Nanoparticles;
Shaochen Chen: Developing Roll-to-Roll Nanoimprint Lithography as a Viable Nanomanufacturing Technology;
Yuankun Lin: 3D Hierarchical Nanomanufacturing for Active Photonics-on-chip;

NanoManufacturing of NSF

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Fri, 26 Dec 2008 05:40:00 +0000

PROGRAM GUIDELINES

A revised version of the NSF Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide (PAPPG), NSF 09-1, was issued on October 1, 2008 and is effective for proposals submitted on or after January 5, 2009. Please be advised that the guidelines contained in NSF 09-1 apply to proposals submitted in response to this funding opportunity. Proposers who opt to submit prior to January 5th, 2009, must also follow the guidelines contained in NSF 09-1.

One of the most significant changes to the PAPPG is implementation of the mentoring provisions of the America COMPETES Act. Each proposal that requests funding to support postdoctoral researchers must include, as a separate section within the 15-page project description, a description of the mentoring activities that will be provided for such individuals. Proposals that do not include a separate section on mentoring activities within the Project Description will be returned without review (see the PAPP Guide Part I: Grant Proposal Guide Chapter II.C.2.d for further information).

Apply to PD 08-1788 as follows:
For full proposals submitted via FastLane: standard Grant Proposal Guidelines apply.For full proposals submitted via Grants.gov: NSF Grants.gov Application Guide; A Guide for the Preparation and Submission of NSF Applications via Grants.gov Guidelines apply (Note: The NSF Grants.gov Application Guide is available on the Grants.gov website and on the NSF website at: http://www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/policy/docs/grantsgovguide.pdf)

Abstracts of Recent Awards Made Through This Program

For Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation

For Nano and Bio Mechanics (NBM)

我写的两本Maltab书的附带程序下载

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Tue, 02 Dec 2008 11:49:00 +0000

2005年：Matlab7.0\Simulink6.0建模仿真开发与高级工程应用
黄永安马路刘慧敏
书代码点击下载>>

　　计算机仿真目前已经成为解决工程实际问题的重要手段，MATLAB/Simulink软件已经成为其中功能最强大的仿真软件之一。而仿真领域的重点是建立模型，即在模型建立以后再设计合理的算法对模型进行计算。Simulink建模与一般程序建模相比更为直观，操作也更为简单，不必记忆各种参数——命令的用法，只要用鼠标就能够完成非常复杂的工作。Simulink不但支持线性系统仿真，还支持非线性系统仿真；不但支持连续系统仿真，还支持离散系统甚至混合系统仿真；不但本身功能非常强大，而且还是一个开放性体系，可以自己开发模块来增强Simulink自身的功能。对于同一个系统模型，利用Simulink可以采用多个不同的采样速率，不但能够实时地显示计算结果，还能够显示模型所表示实物的实际运动形式。
　　较为完整且系统地介绍MATLAB/Simulink强大仿真功能的教材还非常少，多数只是偏重介绍某一方面的应用，或者并没有涉及其中的工具箱。为此，本书详细地介绍了MATLAB\Simulink的使用，不但介绍了Simulink的基本使用方法、高级应用和开发，而且还介绍了Simulink中高级工具箱的使用。
　　本书的最大特色就是系统地介绍Simulink，实例丰富，讲解深入浅出。某些比较难以理解的章节，都是伴随工程实例的仿真过程讲解的，使读者能够轻松入门，学以致用。
　　在欧美的高等院校中，掌握MATLAB的应用已经成为大学生、研究生和教师的必备技能，其中Simulink更是其中较为深层次的应用。国内的高等院校也开设了MATLAB课程，而且网络社区也非常繁荣。在这种情况下，结合本人开设论坛的经验和实际中遇到的问题，以及在学习MATLAB的过程中的经验和体会编写了本书，主要介绍Simulink的强大仿真功能和使用方法。
本书内容
　　第1章～第6章主要介绍Simulink的使用方法，如模块的功能、调用、修改和仿真的实现。这是教材的基本内容，主要针对没有Simulink基础的读者，使其能够快速入门。
　第7章～第10章介绍Simulink的高级使用方法，如Simulink的数值计算、子系统封装技术等，并配以工程实例。掌握这一部分就基本上可以进行一般的计算和仿真工程。
　　第11章～第13章主要讲解Simulink的开发和工程计算问题，如S-function的开发、函数的回调、动画输出。
　　第14章～第20章系统地讲解了Stateflow原理与使用技巧、Simulink Control Design、控制系统仿真、神经网络控制、Real-Time Workshop、SimMechanics机构系统应用。....

2008年：Matlab7.0/Simulink6.0应用实例仿真与高效算法开发
黄永安李文成高小科
书代码点击下载>>

　　计算机仿真已经成为解决工程实际的必要手段，Matlab\Simulink软件是功能最强大的仿真软件之一，可以非常容易地与其他编程语言或仿真软件进行结合，实现复杂的科学计算和仿真。仿真重点是建立模型，在模型建立以后，再设计合理的算法对模型进行计算。Matlab计算较以往的编程语言更为灵活，功能更加强大，上手快，调试方便，可以节省大量的编程时间。Simulink建模较一般程序建模更为直观，操作也更为简单，不用死记各种参数即命令的用法，只需要用鼠标就能够完成非常复杂的工作。Simulink不但能够进行线性系统仿真，还支持非线性系统仿真；不但支持连续系统仿真，还支持离散系统甚至混合系统仿真；不但本身功能非常强大，而且还是一个开放性体系，用户可以自己开发模块来增强Simulink的功能。对于同一个系统模型，利用Simulink可以采用多个采样速率。不但能够实时地显示计算结果，还能够显示模型所表示实物的实际运动形式。
　　但是较为完整系统介绍Matlab\Simulink强大仿真功能的教材还非常少，多数偏重于某一方面的应用，或者没有涉及Simulink框图仿真和Matlab数值计算。为此，本书详细地介绍了Matlab\Simulink的使用，其中不但介绍了Matlab求解各种复杂科学问题的方法，而且还介绍了Simulink的高级应用和开发，并配以实例进行说明。
　　本书的最大特色是介绍了科学计算仿真过程中用到的Matlab/Simulink高级仿真功能，列举了丰富的实例，讲解深入浅出，在某些比较难以理解的章节，都是伴随工程实例的仿真过程讲解的，使读者能够轻松入门，学以致用。在欧美各国的高等院校中，掌握Matlab的应用已经成为大学生、研究生和教师的必备技能，其中Simulink更是其中较为深层次的应用。国内的高等院校也在开设Matlab课程，网络社区也非常繁荣。在这种情况下，作者结合本人开设论坛的经验和实际中遇到较多的问题，以及在学习Matlab中的经验和体会编写了本书，主要向读者展示Simulink的强大仿真功能。
　　本书内容分为两篇：
　　第一篇为Matlab计算篇，包括第1～9章。介绍Matlab的使用方法，如微积分求解、非线性方程组求解数据建模、微分方程求解，边值问题求解和优化问题求解有助于分析一般的科学问题。
　　第二篇为Simulink仿真篇，包括第10～18章。介绍Simulink的高级使用方法，讲解Simulink的开发和工程计算，S-函数的开发、函数的回调、动画输出，Stateflow原理与使用技巧，Simulink 控制设计、控制系统仿真，神经网络控制，Real-Time Workshop，SimMechanics机构系统应用。 ....

Proceedings: Intelligent Robotics and Applications

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Fri, 14 Nov 2008 13:15:00 +0000

The 2008 International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications (ICIRA 2008) was the first event in this conference series. These two volumes constitute the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications, ICIRA 2008, held in Wuhan, China, in October 2008. In this conference, I acted as a secretary-general.

After the success of the inaugural conference, the purpose of the 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications (16 - 18 December, 2009, Orchard Hotel, Singapore) is to provide a venue where researchers, scientists, engineers and practitioners throughout the world can come together to present and discuss the latest achievement, future challenges and exciting applications of intelligent and autonomous robots.

Two proceedings edited by my group:

Part I: Intelligent Robotics and Applications. Xiong, C., Liu, H., Huang, Y. (et al.) (Eds.), 2008 ... More.

Part II: Intelligent Robotics and Applications. Xiong, C., Liu, H., Huang, Y. (et al.) (Eds.), 2008 ... More

The 265 revised full papers presented were thoroughly reviewed and selected from 552 submissions; they are devoted but not limited to robot motion planning and manipulation; robot control; cognitive robotics; rehabilitation robotics; health care and artificial limb; robot learning; robot vision; human-machine interaction & coordination; mobile robotics; micro/nano mechanical systems; manufacturing automation; multi-axis surface machining; realworld applications.

ICIRA 2008 was advocated by the International Workshop on Robotic Grasping and Fixturing in June 2007, Wuhan, China. Robotics research, however, involves a wide spectrum of research and applications from the first industrial manipulator to Mars rovers, and from surgery robotics to cognitive robotics. Industrial and real-world applications are the force driving the research frontier further forward. The aim of the ICIRA 2008 conference is to promote interactions and collaborations between disciplines, which are beneficial in bringing fruitful solutions to the forefront, and to be an international forum that brings together those actively involved in intelligent robotics and applications.

These volumes of Springer’s Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Computer Science contain papers accepted for presentation at ICIRA 2008, held in Wuhan, China, October 15–17, 2008. The conference received 552 submissions from all over the world, which were subsequently peer refereed by the Program Committee, with the assistance of external referees. Among them, 265 high-quality papers were accepted for presentation at the conference, covering the most active topics on intelligent robotics such as robot cognition, robot learning, robot vision, motion planning, multifingered manipulation and intelligent control. Advances in robotized equipments applied in rehabilitation and medical robotics, health care and artificial limbs, digital manufacturing, electronic manufacturing, and manufacturing automation are also reported. The authors come from the following countries and regions: Australia, Austria, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iran, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Poland, Romania, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, UK, and USA. In addition, ICIRA 2008 held a series of plenary talks, where we were fortunate to have such keynote speakers as Peter Luh, Tianmiao Wang, Jiping He, and Jun Wang, who shared their expertise with us in diverse topic areas spanning the range of intelligent robotics and application activities.

The Chinese News of ICIRA 2008 can be found at http://www.hust.edu.cn/content/content_25647.html.
The vedio of ICIRA 2008 can be browsed at http://tv.hustonline.net/html/2008-10-24/54800.shtml.

Modeling and Computation for Dynamics of Rotating Flexible Structure

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Thu, 13 Nov 2008 14:25:00 +0000

This is very important research topics, especiall in space engineering. In these engineering simulation, it usually is long time to get the simulation results. However, the computational errors are obvious effect on the simulation results. So the simplectic algorithm, which is a geometric algorith, is adopted to compute these model. The precise integration method(On precise integration method) is also used to eliminate the errors of the computers.

Usually, DAEs (Differential Algebraic Equation) is the mathematical model of multibody dynamics. It is very difficult to solve this kind of equations by conventional algorithm.

Paper One: An improved symplectic precise integration method for analysis of the rotating rigid–flexible coupled system

This paper presents an improved symplectic precise integration method (PIM) to increase the accuracy and keep the stability of the computation of the rotating rigid–flexible coupled system. Firstly, the generalized Hamilton's principle is used to establish a coupled model for the rotating system, which is discretized and transferred into Hamiltonian systems subsequently. Secondly, a suitable symplectic geometric algorithm is proposed to keep the computational stability of the rotating rigid–flexible coupled system. Thirdly, the idea of PIM is introduced into the symplectic geometric algorithm to establish a symplectic PIM, which combines the advantages of the accuracy of the PIM and the stability of the symplectic geometric algorithm. In some sense, the results obtained by this method are analytical solutions in computer for a long span of time, so the time-step can be enlarged to speed up the computation. Finally, three numerical examples show the stability of computation, the accuracy of solving stiff equations and the capability of solving nonlinear equations, respectively. All these examples prove the symplectic PIM is a promising method for the rotating rigid–flexible coupled systems.

Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 299, Issues 1-2, 9 January 2007, Pages 229-246, doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2006.07.009

_______________________

Paper Two: Modeling and Computation for Dynamics of Flexible Structure

This paper is presented to improve the modeling accuracy and the computational stability for a high-speed rotating flexible structure. The differential governing equations are derived based on the first-order approximation coupling (FOAC) model theory in the framework of the generalized Hamiltonian principle. The semi-discrete model is obtained by the finite element method, and a new shape function based on FOAC is established for the piezoelectric layers. To increase the efficiency, accuracy, and stability of computation, first, the second-order half-implicit symplectic Runge–Kutta method is presented to keep the computational stability of the numerical simulation in a long period of time. Then, the idea of a precise integration method is introduced into the symplectic geometric algorithm. An improved symplectic precise integration method is developed to increase accuracy and efficiency. Several numerical examples are adopted to show the promise of the modeling and the computational method.

J. Vib. Acoust. / Volume 130 / Issue 4 / August 2008 -- 041005 (15 pages) http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2890386

Review: Progress in geometric integration method for multibody dynamics

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Wed, 12 Nov 2008 03:34:00 +0000

This blog is a review on computational method in multibody dynamics. The main topics are geometric algorithm, which is established based on Hamilton principle. It's well known to us that the geometric integration method of the dynamical system is an attractive direction in the last two decades. Dynamic equations of multibody systems, such as differential equation, differential-algebraic equation, are a kind of representative dynamical systems.

The significance of the transformation from Lagrange framework to Hamilton framework is the configuration transformation from Euclidian to Hamiltonian. Then, the symplectic variable is introduced into the mechanics system, and the symplectic integration method can be adopted to solve the dynamic equations. It is able to predict the qualitative information of the multibody dynamic system which is expected to be kept in the process of discretization. It should be specially emphasized when these qualitative information denotes some pivotal physics meaning. How to establish the Hamiltonian canonical equations of the multibody system (multi-rigid body system without constraint or with holonomic constraint, flexible multibody system) is simply described, and how to build the geometric integral method is emphasized in this paper, especially computational geometric mechanics method with promising application, including high-order symplectic algorithm(synthesized algorithm, Partition-synthesized algorithm, symplectic precise integration algorithm), multi-symplectic algorithm and Lie group algorithm(projected method and located coordination method).

力学进展: http://www.cstam.org.cn/lxjz/qikan/Cpaper/zhaiyao.asp?bsid=2006782

多体动力学的几何积分方法研究进展

黄永安,尹周平,熊有伦,邓子辰

摘要: 动力系统的几何积分研究是近20年来工程计算领域非常活跃的方向。多体动力学方程（微分方程，微分代数方程）是一类典型的动力系统，将其从Lagrange体系向Hamilton系统过渡，目的在于从欧氏几何过渡到辛几何形态，将对偶变量引入到力学研究中，然后利用辛几何的数学框架对多体系统动力学方程进行数值计算，可以预知多体动力学系统的一些定性信息，并在数值离散时能保持这些定性性质特征，尤其在表示关键的物理意义时需要强调保持这些几何性质。本文简要介绍多体系统（无约束多刚体系统、完整约束多刚体系统和柔性多体系统）的Hamilton正则方程的建立和几何积分方法的构造，着重介绍了在多体动力学计算中非常有应用前景的高阶辛算法（合成辛算法、分裂合成辛算法和辛精细积分法）、多辛算法，以及广义Hamilton 系统与Lie 群积分方法等计算几何力学方法，并对Lie 群积分的投影方法、流形局部坐标法等方法进行了阐述。

Medium-scale carbon nanotube thin-film integrated circuits on flexible plastic substrates

noreply@blogger.com (Yongan Huang) — Wed, 12 Nov 2008 00:39:00 +0000

University of Illinois Urbana Champaign(Written by InterNano): Reseachers affiliated with Nano-CEMMS at UIUC and Purdue University have created high-performance Nanonet circuits with many potential areas of application in electronics.
John Rogers, Moonsub Shim, and colleagues have implemented a carbon-based semiconductor consisting of sub-monolayer, random networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes that yields small to medium sized integrated digital circuits. Their "nanonet" technology bypasses a typical flaw in carbon nanotube-based circuitry -- short circuits -- by cutting the nanonet into strips to break the path of metallic nanotubes. By doing so, the researchers were able to produce a flexible circuit containing nearly 100 transistors with excellent mobilities, operating voltages, and switching speeds.
Laboratory work at UIUC was complemented by theory and simulation work conducted at Purdue.

Cao, Q., H. Kim, N. Pimparkar, et al. Medium-scale carbon nanotube thin-film integrated circuits on flexible plastic substrates. Nature 454 (2008) 496-500.

Abstract of this workThe ability to form integrated circuits on flexible sheets of plastic enables attributes (for example conformal and flexible formats and lightweight and shock resistant construction) in electronic devices that are difficult or impossible to achieve with technologies that use semiconductor wafers or glass plates as substrates1. Organic small-molecule and polymer-based materials represent the most widely explored types of semiconductors for such flexible circuitry2. Although these materials and those that use films or nanostructures of inorganics have promise for certain applications, existing demonstrations of them in circuits on plastic indicate modest performance characteristics that might restrict the application possibilities. Here we report implementations of a comparatively high-performance carbon-based semiconductor consisting of sub-monolayer, random networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes to yield small- to medium-scale integrated digital circuits, composed of up to nearly 100 transistors on plastic substrates. Transistors in these integrated circuits have excellent properties: mobilities as high as 80 cm2 V-1 s-1, subthreshold slopes as low as 140 m V dec-1, operating voltages less than 5 V together with deterministic control over the threshold voltages, on/off ratios as high as 105, switching speeds in the kilohertz range even for coarse (approx100-mum) device geometries, and good mechanical flexibility梐ll with levels of uniformity and reproducibility that enable high-yield fabrication of integrated circuits. Theoretical calculations, in contexts ranging from heterogeneous percolative transport through the networks to compact models for the transistors to circuit level simulations, provide quantitative and predictive understanding of these systems. Taken together, these results suggest that sub-monolayer films of single-walled carbon nanotubes are attractive materials for flexible integrated circuits, with many potential areas of application in consumer and other areas of electronics.
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